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You can use Oracle s Undo Advisor through the OEM to figure out the ideal size for your undo tablespaces and the ideal duration to specify for the UNDO_RETENTION parameter Using the current undo space consumption statistics, you can estimate future undo generation rates for the instance..

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You must perform regular backups of any database that contains useful information. All databases depend on mechanical components like disk drives, and they are also subject to unexpected events like power failures and natural catastrophes. Programmatic and user errors also necessitate protecting data through a strong backup system. Recovery involves two main objectives: first, you must return the database to a normal operating state with as little downtime as possible. Second, you mustn t lose any useful data.

where 2 is referencing the third element in the DATE array. Note that the first element in an array would be accessed with a subscript of 0. The following code makes the initial changes to the month and year variables the equation needs:

It s important to understand the basics of how Oracle manages its backup and recovery operations. You ve seen some of the components previously, but I put it all together here. The following Oracle structures ensure that you can recover your databases after a problem: The control file: The control file contains data file and redo log information, as well as the latest system change number, which is key to the recovery process. Database backups: These are file or tape backups of the database data files. Since these backups are made periodically, they most likely won t contain all the data needed to bring the database up to date. The redo logs: The redo logs, as you ve seen earlier in this chapter, contain all changes made to the database, including uncommitted and committed changes. The undo records: These records contain the before-images of blocks changed in uncommitted transactions. Recovery involves restoring all backups first. Since the backups can t bring you up to date, you apply the redo logs next, to bring the database up to date. Since the redo logs may contain some uncommitted data that shouldn t really be in the database, however, Oracle uses the undo records to roll back all the uncommitted changes. When the recovery process is complete, your database will not have lost any committed or permanent data.

You can perform all backup and recovery procedures by issuing direct commands through SQL*Plus and operating system commands. However, Oracle strongly recommends that you use the Oracleprovided Recovery Manager (RMAN) to perform your backup and restore work.

RMAN is Oracle s main backup and recovery tool. You can use RMAN from the command line as well as through a GUI interface. RMAN enables various types of backup and recovery techniques, and several of these techniques are unique to the tool. For example, a big benefit of using RMAN is that it automatically maintains all records of existing database backups, without you having to maintain that information somewhere. The Automatic Disk-Based Backup and Recovery feature uses a flash recovery area to help you automate the management of backup-related files. Oracle recommends that you use such a flash recovery area, which is a location on disk where the database stores and manages all recoveryrelated files, like archived redo logs and other files for your database. Files no longer needed in the flash recovery area are deleted automatically when RMAN needs to reclaim space for new files. If you don t use a flash recovery area, you must manually manage disk space for your backup-related files.

RMAN can t back up files directly to tape devices, and in previous versions of Oracle you had to use a third-party tool (for example, NetWorker from Legato) to manage tape backups. In Oracle Database 10g Release 2, you have access to the exciting Oracle Backup feature, which is an out-of-the-box backup and recovery solution for Oracle customers. Oracle Backup copies data files directly to tape and manages the archiving of those tapes as well. 15 provides an introduction to Oracle Backup. You can easily configure the Backup Manager through OEM. By using OEM and Oracle Backup together, you can easily back up and recover databases enterprise-wide.

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